Hakone Kowakien Ten-yu

Water profile

Hakone Kowakien Ten-yu

Spring chemistry and what it does, with the research behind it.

Chloride

A sodium chloride hot spring, steam-conditioned by blending several Miyagino wellheads with natural spring water. The source emerges at 76.5 °C — among the hotter natural sources — and its moderate salinity gives the salty, heat-retaining body typical of chloride water. A generous 121 mg/kg of metasilicic acid leaves a thin silica film that makes skin feel smoother. The water is colorless, clear, tasteless and odorless, and is diluted with water to bring it to a comfortable bathing temperature.

Good for

Warming

Salt forms a film on the skin that slows heat loss, so the warmth lingers long after the bath (the classic heat-keeping water, nettō 熱の湯).

cold sensitivity

Aches & joints

Warmth eases stiffness and raises the pain threshold. Radon and sulfate springs show the strongest evidence for joint and muscle pain.

stiff shoulders

Smooth skin

Bicarbonate and alkalinity gently lift dead keratin while silica hydrates, leaving skin smooth. This is the basis of the beautifying-water (bijin-no-yu 美人の湯) reputation.

dry, rough skin

Cuts

Mineral-rich chloride, sulfate and sulfur waters have a long-recorded soothing effect on minor cuts and slow-healing skin.

minor wounds

Recovery

Warmth and buoyancy lower stress markers and improve sleep; habitual bathing is linked to lower rates of depression.

fatigue, stress

Full composition

The bar is each ion's share of charge (mval%) within its group; over 20% names the spring. Gases, silica and trace metals are measured by mass only.

Cationsshare of charge (mval%)
  • Sodium230mgP54 national
  • Calcium36.1mgP51 national
  • Potassium21.7mgP66 national
  • Magnesium7.3mgP58 national
  • Manganese1.2mgP85 national
  • Iron (II)0.31mgP46 national
  • Lithium0.26mgP39 national
  • Strontium0.21mgP42 national
  • Aluminum0.06mgP32 national
  • Zinc0.03mgP62 national
Anionsshare of charge (mval%)
  • Chloride364mgP69 national
  • Bicarbonate125mgP45 national
  • Sulfate93.0mgP55 national
  • Bromide0.71mgP52 national
  • HSiO30.61mgP43 national
  • BO20.30mgP40 national
  • Carbonate0.27mgP11 national
  • Fluoride0.26mgP19 national
  • Nitrate0.11mgP29 national
Non-dissociatedmeasured by mass
  • Metasilicic acid121mgP63 national
  • Metaboric acid19.5mgP73 national
Dissolved gasesmeasured by mass
  • Free carbon dioxide8.3mgP35 national
Trace metalsmeasured by mass
  • Arsenic0.26mgP88 national
  • CadmiumNDmg
  • CopperNDmg
  • MercuryNDmg
  • LeadNDmg

Measured at the source

Source temperature
76.5°C
Hot
Tonicity
1.03g/kg
Hypotonic
Free CO₂
8.32mg/kg
Low

Evidence

  1. Maeda M. 温泉の医学的効果とその科学的根拠. J. Hot Spring Science 70:197–207, 2021.
  2. Kario K et al. Hemodynamic Effects of Hot Spring Bathing. Hypertension Research 46(3):711–720, 2023.
  3. Naito Y et al. A Hot-Spring Water Improves Inflammatory Conditions in an Atopic Dermatitis Model. Biomedicines 13(11):2707, 2025.
  4. Donaubauer AJ et al. Serial radon spa therapy on pain in musculoskeletal disorders. Frontiers in Immunology, 2024.
  5. Verhagen AP et al. Balneotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews CD000518, 2015.
  6. Li H et al. Bicarbonate Ionized Water Bathing Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activity. Scientific Reports 14:51851, 2024.
  7. Takeda M et al. Hot spring bathing practices have a positive effect on mental health in Japan. Heliyon 9(9):e19631, 2023.

How the water is handled

Water treatment

Treated and recirculated(partial disclosure)
from Article 18 disclosure
  • Added water
    Yes
  • Reheated
    No
  • Recirculated
    No
  • Disinfected
    No
  • Bath additives
    Not disclosed

Educational, not medical advice. If you have a health condition, consult a physician before onsen therapy.