A blended sulfur-bearing sodium bicarbonate-chloride spring drawing on the Motoyu and Mine-no-yu wellheads. It emerges very hot at 83.2 °C — among Japan's hottest natural sources — carrying the unmistakable rotten-egg note of H2S and a faintly sulfurous edge on the tongue. Total sulfur sits at 5.4 mg/kg and bicarbonate makes up roughly two-thirds of the anion budget, layering jūsō-sen softness with a quiet salty finish over the dominant sulfur character.
Good for
Skin conditions
Sulfur and acidic waters are antibacterial and keratolytic, studied for atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
atopic skin, eczema
Circulation
Skin-absorbed CO₂ and hydrogen sulfide relax the vessel walls; carbon-dioxide springs can raise peripheral blood flow several-fold.
tired legs
Aches & joints
Warmth eases stiffness and raises the pain threshold. Radon and sulfate springs show the strongest evidence for joint and muscle pain.
stiff shoulders
Warming
Salt forms a film on the skin that slows heat loss, so the warmth lingers long after the bath (the classic heat-keeping water, nettō 熱の湯).
cold sensitivity
Smooth skin
Bicarbonate and alkalinity gently lift dead keratin while silica hydrates, leaving skin smooth. This is the basis of the beautifying-water (bijin-no-yu 美人の湯) reputation.
dry, rough skin
Cuts
Mineral-rich chloride, sulfate and sulfur waters have a long-recorded soothing effect on minor cuts and slow-healing skin.
minor wounds
Recovery
Warmth and buoyancy lower stress markers and improve sleep; habitual bathing is linked to lower rates of depression.
fatigue, stress
Take care
Sensitive-skin caution
Strongly acidic or sulfur-rich water can sting broken, atopic-flare, or dry elderly skin. Ease in slowly and rinse off if it stings.
broken or dry skin
Full composition
The bar is each ion's share of charge (mval%) within its group; over 20% names the spring. Gases, silica and trace metals are measured by mass only.
- Sodiumsalt's cation — pairs with chloride to make the water saltyNa⁺408mgP69 national90%
- Calciumsettling and calming; can leave a white mineral bloomCa²⁺25.2mgP44 national6%
- Potassiumminor; matters for drinking limitsK⁺24.1mgP69 national3%
- MagnesiumMg²⁺1.9mgP34 national0.8%
- ManganeseMn²⁺0.20mgP49 national0.1%
- Aluminumshows up in acidic volcanic waterAl³⁺< —mg
- FeTotalFe< —mg
- Hydrogenmakes the water acidic — sharp and bactericidalH⁺< —mg
- Bicarbonate"soda" — softens skin, leaves it smoothHCO₃⁻857mgP86 national68%
- Chloridetable-salt anion — coats the skin and holds heat inCl⁻210mgP56 national29%
- Fluoridetrace; drinking limits applyF⁻9.0mgP92 national2%
- Sulfate"gypsum / Glauber's salt" — vessels and wound healingSO₄²⁻11.1mgP25 national1%
- Hydrogen sulfideHS⁻1.4mgP74 national0.2%
- ThiosulfateS₂O₃²⁻1.9mgP82 national0.1%
- BO2BO₂⁻< —mg
- Carbonatestrongly alkaline; slippery feelCO₃²⁻< —mg
- HSiO3HSiO₃⁻< —mg
- HydroxideOH⁻< —mg
- Metasilicic acidmetasilicic acid — a natural moisturizer for silky skinH₂SiO₃135mgP68 national
- Metaboric acidmetaboric acid — mildly antibacterialHBO₂13.7mgP62 national
- Free carbon dioxidefizz — widens blood vessels (strong above 1000 mg/kg)CO₂43.6mgP67 national
- Free hydrogen sulfide"egg" smell — opens vessels, antibacterialH₂S3.1mgP84 national
- ArsenicAs< —mg
- CadmiumCd< —mg
- CopperCu< —mg
- Mercurytoxic trace — part of the drinking-safety checkHg< —mg
- LeadPb< —mg
Measured at the source
Evidence
- Maeda M. 温泉の医学的効果とその科学的根拠. J. Hot Spring Science 70:197–207, 2021.
- Kario K et al. Hemodynamic Effects of Hot Spring Bathing. Hypertension Research 46(3):711–720, 2023.
- Tei C, Kihara T. Waon Therapy for Chronic Heart Failure. J. Cardiology 53(2):214–218, 2009.
- Coavoy-Sánchez SA et al. Hydrogen sulfide and dermatological diseases. Int. J. Dermatology, 2019.
- Naito Y et al. A Hot-Spring Water Improves Inflammatory Conditions in an Atopic Dermatitis Model. Biomedicines 13(11):2707, 2025.
- Akiyama H et al. Antimicrobial effects of acidic hot-spring water on S. aureus. J. Dermatological Science 24(3):193–200, 2000.
- Toriyama T et al. Carbon dioxide foot bathing on critical limb ischemia. International Angiology 21(4):367–373, 2002.
- Donaubauer AJ et al. Serial radon spa therapy on pain in musculoskeletal disorders. Frontiers in Immunology, 2024.
- Verhagen AP et al. Balneotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews CD000518, 2015.
- Li H et al. Bicarbonate Ionized Water Bathing Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activity. Scientific Reports 14:51851, 2024.
- Takeda M et al. Hot spring bathing practices have a positive effect on mental health in Japan. Heliyon 9(9):e19631, 2023.
- Ministry of the Environment, Japan. 禁忌症及び入浴又は飲用上の注意事項 (2014 notice).official